Trikåfabriken

Monbijougatan 17C, Kvarteret Bilden

211 53

Malmö, Sweden


Owner

Stena Fastigheter AB
Skeppsbron 13B 211 20 Malmö
moa.persson@stena.com

Contact Details

Sharon Pulvino
Uppsala Universitet

Other Information

Visits
To visit the project, please contact Moa Persson, moa.persson@stena.com

Copyrights Felix Gerlach
Trikåfabriken in Malmö is one of Sweden's first refurbishment projects to be climate assessed. Until the mid-1980s, the building produced women's underwear, among other things, and since then various companies have had offices in the premises. The ambition during the renovation has been to preserve the character of the building, both inside and out, and to adapt floor plans and technical installations accordingly.
Energy performance
98 kWh/m2.y

Climate Zone Cfb

Altitude 12 m a.s.l.

HDD 2214

CDD 27

Protection level Listed

Conservation Area:
Yes

Level of Protection:
The building is located within the national interest for cultural heritage, Malmö (M114).

Building age 1900-1944

Year of last renovation:
2020

Year of previous renovation:
1970

Building use Offices

Building occupancy:
Permanently occupied

Number of occupants/users:
522

Building area Net floor area [m²]: 4825,0

Building typology:
Old knitwear factory

Number of floors:
3

Basement yes/no:
Yes

Number of heated floors:
0

Gross floor area [m²]:
0,0

Thermal envelope area [m²]:
0,0

NFA calculation method:
Sweden

Construction type
Steel frame

External finish:
Exposed brickwork

Internal finish:
Plastered (on substructure)

Roof type:
Pitched roof

+ MORE - LESS
Copyrights Felix Gerlach
Copyrights Felix Gerlach
Copyrights Felix Gerlach
Copyrights Felix Gerlach
Copyrights Felix Gerlach
Copyrights Felix Gerlach
Pictures before the renovation. Source: Erika Martin Arkitekter AB./Bilder före renoveringen. Källa: Erika Martin Arkitekter AB
Pictures before the renovation. Source: Erika Martin Arkitekter AB./Bilder före renoveringen. Källa: Erika Martin Arkitekter AB
Pictures before the renovation. Source: Erika Martin Arkitekter AB./Bilder före renoveringen. Källa: Erika Martin Arkitekter AB
Pictures before the renovation. Source: Erika Martin Arkitekter AB./Bilder före renoveringen. Källa: Erika Martin Arkitekter AB
Pictures before the renovation. Source: Erika Martin Arkitekter AB./Bilder före renoveringen. Källa: Erika Martin Arkitekter AB
Pictures before the renovation. Source: Erika Martin Arkitekter AB./Bilder före renoveringen. Källa: Erika Martin Arkitekter AB
Pictures before the renovation. Source: Erika Martin Arkitekter AB./Bilder före renoveringen. Källa: Erika Martin Arkitekter AB
Pictures before the renovation. Source: Erika Martin Arkitekter AB./Bilder före renoveringen. Källa: Erika Martin Arkitekter AB

RENOVATION PROCESS

Architecture

BUILDING DESCRIPTION

The ambition during the renovation has been to preserve the character of the house, both inside and out, and to adapt floor plans, and technical installations etc. accordingly. Traces of heavy knitting machines are still visible in the wooden floor. Even the pillars are reminiscent of the time when the building was used as a factory. Luminaires, windows, wooden floors and plaster walls have been renovated and restored. The reuse of space has been favoured, for example, masonry walls and sections have been reclaimed and used to rebuild new interior walls. Waste materials have been turned into outdoor furniture and bicycle racks, and details such as rosette valves have become character-enhancing features of the whole. The materials are few and recurring, where the existing board floor is an important element to give feeling and character to the premises. Other materials such as steel partitions, birch plywood, wooden ceilings, stone, carpets and textiles are chosen to last a long time and age beautifully. New lighting has been developed in collaboration with Ateljé Lyktan; an energy-saving version of the industrial lamps that once illuminated the factory.
Urban context
The building has a common courtyard designed to allow everyone working in the different buildings to meet easily and spontaneously. There are areas suitable for various activities or just hanging out, including a shared roof terrace, table tennis tables and car-free areas for movement, play and creative workshops.

State of repair

Conditions of the envelope
Knitwear production continued until 1984 when the property was bought by Stena Fastigheter. The buildings have since been used as offices, studios, a restaurant, a glassmaker's workshop, etc. Since the early days of the factory, the facility has undergone a large number of changes, both major and minor renovations and extensions as the business has grown, modernised and changed. Even after its time as a knitwear factory, the plant has continued to be modified and rebuilt, especially internally, according to changing needs, requirements and activities. Long use and a large number of ongoing changes, sometimes short-term and relatively temporary, have led to heavy deterioration. It is positive that the factory buildings will now be renovated/restored with a holistic approach. The buildings will also be upgraded in terms of accessibility, fire safety, technical installations, ventilation, etc.

HERITAGE SIGNIFICANCE

ELEMENTS WORTHY OF PRESERVATION
The proposed measures include the restoration of remaining original mullioned windows. Existing original windows differ to some extent, some have simple sashes, some have loose original inner sashes and some have relatively new inner sashes with poor fit that do not fulfil any major function. The measures are adapted to the conditions of each window.
Heritage Value Assesment
The original knitwear factory and its 1920s additions are executed with great craftsmanship. The masonry is of high quality, both in terms of materials and workmanship. Visible, load-bearing steel frames were common in industrial buildings. The factory's original mansard roof truss structures, together with the masonry and steel frame, have architectural and technical historical value. In the interior, the original use of the buildings as a factory with large, open workrooms is evident through strong, longitudinal iron and concrete beams supported by cast iron columns, which has architectural historical value. The interior also has three similar, contemporary stairwells from the 1910s, 1920s and 1930s.

Aim of retrofit

Renovation
The aim of the project is to transform the interior of the old knitwear factory into office space by preserving the character of the building both externally and internally. 1970s windows in poor condition have been replaced by newly manufactured ones, identical to the original windows but with a discreet intermediate sunscreen. Existing windows in good condition have been restored and insulated with new internal frames (insulating glass). A new district heat exchanger and new ventilation system have been installed, as well as solar panels on the roof. The building has been updated in terms of modern regulatory requirements for accessibility and fire, which has been solved with as few new additions as possible. At this stage, for economic reasons, no insulation has been added to the slab or exterior walls of the basement. In the near future, the owners will carry out drainage and at the same time the basement walls will be further insulated. The external walls have not been additionally insulated as they were sufficiently insulated according to the energy calculations. The roof was insulated at an earlier stage. The project took place in stages and the values presented here relate to Houses A, B and C.
Was there any change of use?
The knitwear factory was converted from a factory to office space.
Lessons learned
A lot of time needs to be spent on the reuse process and you need to be active and have a high level of leadership in the project, the contractors do not solve this on their own but need a lot of support and guidance. However, we believe that clients in all projects need to have great leadership, so for us it was a minor difference from our usual way of working.
Tools used
Was the renovation process done following a specific methodology? No
Energy calculation IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4.8

RETROFIT SOLUTIONS



Windows

Existing windows renovated and upgraded

New windows with built-in sun protection

Existing windows renovated and upgraded

Most of the existing windows were 70's wooden windows with 2 glasses. The windows that weren't damaged have been renovated, insulated with new internal frames (insulating glass) and restored to their original appearance.

The outcome is very positive. Existing original windows differ to some extent, some have simple sashes, some have loose original inner sashes and some have relatively new inner sashes with poor fit that do not fulfil any major function. The interventions should be adapted to the conditions of each window.

Existing window U-value Glass [W/m2K]: 0,0 New window U-value Glass[W/m2K]: 0,6 Existing window U-value Frame [W/m2K]: 2,5 New window U-value Frame [W/m2K]: 2,0
More Details
Existing window type Casement window
Existing glazing type Double
Existing shading type NA
Approximate installation year 1970
New window type Casement window
New glazing type Double
New shading type NA
New window solar factor g [-] 0,0
New windows with built-in sun protection

New windows with insulating glass have been recreated in the old style. Windows in sunny locations have been fitted with an intermediate sunscreen that is controlled by sunlight and temperature. The building has been divided into different sections where each section is controlled by a sensor placed on the roof. It reacts to the sun and follows a sun curve. When the sun is shining, the curtains close automatically, and they open automatically when the sun is no longer there. However, with a certain delay (sun curve) to minimise the curtains going up and down as soon as the sun goes into clouds. The curtains can be temporarily controlled at each window, but after a couple of hours they automatically go into the position indicated by the sensor, in order to minimise the need for cooling on sunny days.

The intervention is very positive for the overall image of the building. New windows must be designed as copies of original windows in terms of material, shape (arched or rectangular top), timber dimensions, dividers, hanging, drip mouldings and other details. External sashes shall be fitted with single glazing and glass-breaking glazing bars.

Existing window U-value Glass [W/m2K]: 0,0 New window U-value Glass[W/m2K]: 0,4 Existing window U-value Frame [W/m2K]: 2,5 New window U-value Frame [W/m2K]: 1,1
More Details
Existing window type Casement window
Existing glazing type Double
Existing shading type Roller blinds
Approximate installation year 1970
New window type Casement window
New glazing type Double
New shading type Inner shutter
New window solar factor g [-] 0,0

HVAC

HEATING

VENTILATION

AIR CONDITIONING

DOMESTIC HOT WATER

HEATING

During the renovation, a completely new district heat exchanger was installed where smart control (e.g. AI) is possible to optimise the heating system and reduce heating costs. All heating pipes, radiators and tap water pipes in the project are new.

The measures were carried out with greater respect for the original structure and with minimal intervention. Before we started the renovation, we already had district heating in the property. However, we have a new technincal control centre and new heating pipes in the building. Nothing more than incoming district heating has been preserved.

More Details
New primary heating system
New system type Fjärrvärme
Fuel Biomass
Distribuition system Radiators
Nominal power 320 kW
VENTILATION

Ventilation and air-conditioning is provided by a VAV system with cooled supply air (Lindab). The four air handling units - with a capacity of between 1 m3/s and 4.5 m3/s - are located in an equal number of fan rooms. The airflow is regulated by presence and increases automatically if the temperature or carbon dioxide rises, Tenants cannot force the flow themselves. However, they can regulate the room temperature set point within a range determined by the property owner.

As much as possible, we have kept the original structure of the building. However, the structure of the building has had to be partly adapted with new holes in the floor for vertical shafts. It was important to retain the sense of space of the old factory premises. All electricity has been concealed and installations in the ceiling minimised. There are no large, winding ventilation systems here; ventilation has been kept down as far as possible. Both to give the rooms a cleaner look with high ceilings and to save energy. Flexibility has been a key concept for the building to have a long service life, but also to be able to easily adapt it for different activities today and in the future.

More Details
Original roof build-up New ventilation system
Type ventilation system Centralized
Type flow regime Overflow
Heat recovery Yes
Humitidy recovery Yes
Nominal power 2600 l/s kW
Electric power 7,4 kW
Control system Konstant
AIR CONDITIONING

The building is provided with comfort cooling integrated in the air handling units and distributed via ventilation air. Server rooms are supplemented with DX (Direct Expansion) cooling to cover peak power and redundancy.

The original structure was not greatly affected by the measures and all new installations were added with minimal intervention.

More Details
New cooling system
Type NA
Distribuition system NA
Nominal power NA kW
Electric power 0,0 kW
DOMESTIC HOT WATER

In the premises, hot water is heated either by local water heaters or flow-through heaters. There is no VVC (Hot Water Circulation).

The original walls were not affected by the new installations.

More Details
New DHW system
Type with heating system
Hot_water_tank Yes
With heat recovery No

RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS

Photovoltaic

Photovoltaic

Solar cells with string optimisers are installed on the roof for maximum electricity production. Solar cells have been installed by Eon and they own the plant on our property. The optimiser makes each panel less dependent on other panels in the same string. The electricity from the solar cells will be used for cooling supply air, charging electric cars, and as property and business electricity. The Energy Hub inverter combines solar energy, storage and charging.

As the roof is low-slope, the solar cells are not visible from the ground, so this has not affected the appearance.

The roof was originally covered by a black tarred roofing felt. In the project we added a new waterproofing layer (new tarred roofing felt) before installing the solar panels. The structure has not had to be reinforced for the photovoltaic installation.

More Details
Photovoltaic System
Type NA
Collector area
Total nominal power 60,0 kW
Overall yearly production 58000,0 kWh

Energy Efficiency

Energy Performance
Energy performance certificate: The report includes the calculation of the primary energy number. The energy balance calculation refers to buildings A, B and C. Calculations are mainly carried out with the programme IDA-ICE 4.8. Additions for special consumptions are carried out with hand calculations.The building's primary energy number includes energy for heating, hot water preparation, comfort cooling, property electricity but not operational electricity. Property electricity is the electricity necessary to maintain the property's functions, i.e. in principle electricity for circulation pumps, fans, etc. Business electricity is electricity linked to the users and their activities.
Voluntary certificates: No
Energy Use
Heating
Consumption_estimation_Calculation_method: IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4.8
Documents:
Energirapport hus A,B,C 20201023.pdf
S
Energiberäkning Hus D.pdf
Consumption_estimation_After: 98 kWh/m2.y

Primary Energy
Consumption_estimation_Calculation_method: IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4.8
Consumption_estimation_Including_DHW: Yes
Consumption_estimation_After: 119 kWh/m2.y

Costs

Financial Aspects

We have not had any funding other than to cover parts of the actual climate calculation (which was done in collaboration with IVL - Swedish Environmental Research Institute). We can already see that our operating costs have been reduced by having modern and optimised systems that talk to each other. With active material choices that last for a long time, we hope to keep maintenance costs down. In our project planning, we have worked hard to find solutions that are both sustainable but also contribute to keeping operating costs as low as possible.

Investment Costs
Total investment costs
113 500 000 SEK exkl. moms., ungefär 9 639 385 euros exkl. moms (total)
Amount includes: Everything is included in the project budget. Design (from feasibility study to construction documents), regulatory costs, certifications, project managers, climate calculations, production, inspection, etc. All project costs are included in this investment.
Running Costs
Lifecycle cost
No